如何选择井泵

为了给房屋供水或灌溉，通常使用水井。如果说以前即使在私人住宅里也可以用闸门和水桶供水，但如今即使是在别墅里，这种选择也不再令人满意。毕竟，只要为水井安装一个水泵，就能获得现代水平的便利。为了使系统正常工作，您需要正确选择设备。

水泵的类型及其在水井中的应用

根据安装方式，泵可分为表面泵和潜水泵；根据工作原理，可分为离心泵和振动泵。潜水泵和表面泵有两种型号。因此，设备共有四种。要为水井选择合适的水泵，您需要了解每种设备的优缺点。

表面

地表泵因其安装简单和机动性强而颇具吸引力。设备本身就在地面上，只需将软管放入井中即可。另一个优点是成本低，因为无需对外壳进行密封。

井用地表泵的连接非常简单

尽管有这些优点，表面模型仍可用于浅井。最大深度为 8 米，但最好小于 8 米。这是主要限制，也是其主要缺点。第二个缺点是效率低，不超过 25%。这是所有泵中最低的指标。

为什么不制造功率更大的此类设备呢？因为由于工作循环的特殊性，从很深的地方提升上来的液体会充满气泡（这种现象称为空化）。如果含有大量气泡的水进入工作装置，就会烧毁工作装置。

使用喷射器可以解决这个问题，喷射器安装在下入水井的管道中。使用喷射器的地表装置可以从更深的地方（最深 15 米）抽水，但效率却更低，仅为 15%，这意味着电费将非常昂贵。

潜水式

井用潜水泵在最佳情况下的效率约为 45%，平均效率约为 35%。从名称就可以看出，它们是在水体中工作的。这就是主要的困难所在 - 它必须很好地固定，然后穿过井壁将主线引到房子里。

固定井用潜水泵通常使用链条或结实的电缆（最好是不锈钢）。它们连接在泵体上部的一个特殊吊耳上，自由端缠绕在一个闸门上，例如用于提升水桶的闸门。必要时，可借助该装置将设备提升至水面。

点击此处了解更多关于水井供水的信息（包括方案和安装说明）。

选择潜水泵在井中的位置也同样重要。至少要有一米见底（否则沙子和淤泥会进入）。同时，套管上方必须有足够的水层（参见说明书，不同型号有不同要求）。如果井内水柱高度较小，就会出现问题。不过也有一些型号可以水平安装在井中（如 Aquario ASP）。

对表格的一些解释。比表中列出的具有不同特性的型号多得多。这里只介绍其中一些，因此您可以看到价格和特性的大致范围。在对 Vodolei 井用泵的描述中，括号内是型号指数，表示同等性能下的提升高度。索引中的 "宝贝 "泵是指具有其他同等特性的帘线长度。

振动

在井用振动泵中，借助隔膜或活塞进行抽水。它们交替产生稀释作用，从而将水吸入，然后加压，将水推入出水口。这样的工作循环会产生明显的振动，因此这种设备被称为振动泵。振动泵可以是外置式的，也可以是潜水式的。潜水振动泵工作时噪音较小，因为水能消除噪音，而室外振动泵则是噪音较大的设备。

振动泵 - 设备简单、价格低廉、尺寸小、重量轻，因此移动性很好（重量只有几公斤），可用于抽取小体积的水 - 至少在桶中可以放下，只是不要忘记及时关闭。这些都是事实，但也有许多缺点：

• 振动对耐用性有负面影响，使用寿命较短。
• 电源质量要求高。当电压降至 160 V 时，性能会下降一半，而随着功率的增加，性能会提高，但不会如此严重。频繁的波动会导致加速磨损，因此在为井用振动泵购买一对稳定器时，可以使用最简单的继电器。
• 不能容忍泵送水中含有沙子和其他杂物。其设计使进水口的过滤器无法投入使用，而磨蚀性颗粒（沙粒）的存在会很快导致活塞或隔膜失效。因此，此类过滤器不应在沙质土壤中使用。

这些都是官方数据。而非官方的经验表明，这种水泵必须经常更换 - 它们很快就会烧坏。因此，这种泵适合作为临时解决方案--定期在别墅使用。如果要保证长期居住房屋的供水，最好使用离心式水泵。

离心式

In these units, water pumping occurs due to the movement of impellers-blades mounted on the central shaft. These are located in the pump’s working chamber. This chamber is filled with water. As the vanes rotate, a lower pressure is created in the center and a higher pressure is created at the edges. This difference is what makes the water move.

It is the centrifugal well pump that is bought more often. It is less sensitive to the presence of sand in the water, its working depth is greater. From the negative – a higher price, but also the service life is much longer.

Here is an example of a submersible centrifugal drainage pump – Vikhr DN 900. It can be used to pump out water from flooded cellars, small pits used for drainage, etc. In general, where the water is not very clean and can put other devices out of order.

To supply water from a well, you can use deep well pumps. They are mainly used for water intake from wells, but here they are also applicable. Here is a short video about these devices.

有无蓄水器

When organizing water supply from the well, many water from the pump pumped into the hydroaccumulator (storage tank), and from there it is already fed to the water points – taps, appliances. They put such an accumulator in the attic. It is needed to solve two problems at once:

• Increase the service life of the pump. If the water supply system is built without a hydroaccumulator, the pump is turned on whenever the house opens a faucet, triggers household appliances that need water. Often such switches on – just for a second or two, and each start – a minus to the service life. If there is a storage tank, then a small flow rate comes from it. The water level is controlled by a float mechanism. It turns on the pump only after the water level in the tank reaches a critical level (set during installation).
• Increase the service life of the entire water supply system, including appliances connected to it. The fact is that each switching on of the pump is a water hammer. Since for a day the number of inclusions is counted in hundreds, the service life of the equipment in the system is significantly reduced. If there is a hydroaccumulator, all the hydraulic shocks from the internal wiring and household appliances are cut off – they are damped by the thickness of water in the accumulator.

So the storage tank in the water supply – a useful thing. What volume should be hydroaccumulator? Depends on the flow rate (how to count will tell below), put and 25 liters, and 150 liters, but the more reserve, the better – less often the pump will be turned on. As a bonus of installing a storage tank – some reserve of water in case of power failure.

How to purify water from the well read here.

根据技术特点进行选择

Determine what type of well pump you will put – this is the least part of the task. Then you need to choose the manufacturer, and then – to find a suitable model that can supply water in the right amount with the required head. These are the two main characteristics when choosing a well pump – capacity and head.

容量（流速）

The required capacity of the pump for the well (usually denoted Q, measured in l/s or l/h, less often in cubic meters/h) is calculated based on the composition of the system. It has some number of faucets, toilet, bidet, household appliances with water consumption. The water flow rate for all these consumers is calculated (usually in liters per second). The flow rate can be taken as an average of 0.2 liters per second for each point, or you can find it in the table.

It is not necessary to add a “just in case” reserve to this figure. The calculation already includes more than twice the reserve, and situations where all points of consumption are switched on at the same time are practically excluded. At most, you can simultaneously work half of the consumers, and even that for a few seconds, and in reality – even fewer points are simultaneously turned on. So the reserve is really large, and there is no need to increase it.

负责人

The pressure of the pump (denoted by the letter H, measured in meters) – this is the value to which it will be able to raise water. When choosing a pump for a well, you need to know:

• The depth from which the water will be lifted (well depth).
• The rise to the highest point of consumption. If there is a hydraulic accumulator this is its height, if there is not – this is usually the highest shower in the house.
• The total elevation (Hgeo) is calculated as the sum of the depth of the well and the level at which the highest point of water consumption is located.
• The distance the water must be transmitted (L) horizontally, including the elevation to the highest point.

The formula for the exact calculation is complicated, so that when selecting a pump for a well, usually use a simplified version. One of them is on the photo.

According to the figure found and the head of the pump for the well is selected.

根据图形特征选择机型

After you have determined the head and performance, it is necessary to choose a model. This is done according to the graphs showing the technical characteristics (on the photo below).

Similar graphs are in the technical specifications. You find on the coordinate axes those values that you have previously calculated, find the point of their intersection on the plane. It should be located in the middle part of the graph (in the figure, this field is colored gray), then the pump will work in normal mode, which guarantees its long service life. What to do if the point is outside the required zone? Look for another model, this one is not suitable for your case.

The point has been found, it is in the middle part of the operating characteristics. Then the graph closest to the point is, and this will be your pump model (they are signed). What if more than one model fits at the same time? This happens if the point is about midway between the graphs. Take the one whose characteristics are above the point.

How to make a house for a well is described here (with step-by-step photos).

为水井选择水泵时应注意的事项

In addition to the technical parameters and the type of pump, you will need to pay attention to a few additional parameters:

• Protection against idling is very desirable. This is a situation when the pump is working, but there is no water. Such moments often lead to breakdowns, sometimes just worsens the pressure, “sucked” air, etc. In such a case it is necessary to take the pump to a service center, perhaps it can be resuscitated.
• Availability or possibility of retrofitting with a float sensor (also called “frog”). This is a small sealed pear attached to the body with a piece of cable. The sensor floats in the water. When it drops below a certain level, the pump is switched off. It will turn on after the sensor goes up (if the taps are still open). This, by the way, is another advantage of the scheme with a hydroaccumulator – when the pump protection is triggered, you do not have to wait for it to turn on, you will use the water that is in the tank. Shutdown of the pump you will not even notice.

• Protection against overheating. When working continuously for a long time, the well pump can overheat. To prevent this from happening, and make this protection.
• Pay attention to the quality of assembly and fit of all parts of the housing. No backlash, no surface defects (cavities, burrs, etc.), no mismatch of parts in size. These are all signs of poor quality.
• Length of the supply cable (can be up to 40 meters). This parameter can also be important – not everyone has electricity to the well.
• Temperature mode. If you choose a pump for the well for a summer house seasonal visit, there is no special difference (if stored in a warm room). If the equipment will work all year round, it is necessary to choose models that can operate in a small plus temperature.

The choice of pump for the well on this can be considered complete. Not a simple matter, but it is necessary to track all these points. Then the equipment will work for a long time and without problems.